Essay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby - 1652 Words

The American Dream is a popular theme in many classic American novels and has been throughout history. This theme is often used as a motive or influence for the plot of many novels and drives characters to take action to accomplish these dreams. The American Dream is also used in the two novels, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller. Both of the main characters in these novels had a specific dream and they based their entire lives off of these dreams. The main characters from each novel, Gatsby and Willy, spend their entire lives fighting to achieve their goals and struggle with a multitude of different issues along the way. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Death of a Salesman†¦show more content†¦I’ll get an advance, and I’ll come home with a New York job† ( Miller 74). This quote shows that Willy’s American dream is to be a successful business man who can do as he pleases, and his ulti mate goal is to be successful enough to be able to provide for his family. This is an important goal for him because in his situation in the book, he was not making enough money to be able to pay his bills or support himself along with his family. So, for both Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, the theme of the American dream is similar because they involve acquiring wealth, however, this theme is approached in different ways because Gatsby wanted to become rich so he could win the love of a woman, while Willy just wanted to be known for his success and make a substantial amount of money for his family’s sake. The American Dream is usually not something that can be accomplished with ease and this is shown in each main characters struggle to attempt to achieve their dreams. In the first novel, Jay Gatsby does succeed in part of his American dream. Gatsby is able to acquire a fair amount of wealth, buy a large house, and be known by a large amount of people. But the second part of his goal is not as easily obtained. Gatsby tries his hardest to win back the love of his girlfriend from the past, Daisy Buchanan, however, she is married to Tom Buchanan and is not so sure about her feelings for either of the men. The book states, â€Å"‘Oh you want too much!’ she cried to Gatsby. ‘I love youShow MoreRelated The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesmade by Marius Bewley’s critical essay â€Å"Scott Fitzgerald: The Apprentice Fiction†, â€Å"Fitzgerald’s ultimate subject is the character of the American Dream in which, in their r espective ways, his principle heroes are all trapped.†, can be justified through Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and his short story â€Å"Winter Dreams†. In both pieces of literature, Fitzgerald explores and comments upon Americans and their pursuit of the American Dream through Jay Gatsby and Dexter Green’s pursuit of theirRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby has always been a great book, but have you ever wondered what the meaning of â€Å"The American Dream† is..? To me the american dream†¦ is anyone and everyone can come here to american and achieve their goals, they can have better lives here in the US, they can be more successful when they put their minds to it. Fitzgeralds was making it seem that the rich or more money you have the happier youll be, the better off you are in life. He paints a picture makingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream Essay1940 Words   |  8 PagesKaylie Skoumal Mrs. Sabers English II 6 October 2017 Destruction of an American Dream â€Å"The American Dream is that any man or woman, despite of his or her background, can change their circumstances and rise as high as they are willing to work† (Fabrizio Moreira Quotes). Jay Gatsby believed that he could achieve his American Dream of being successful and marrying Daisy by working extremely hard in his lifetime. He labored to make a great amount of money through a disreputable way with Meyer Wolfshiem. HisRead MoreEssay on The Corruption of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby1302 Words   |  6 Pages On April 10, 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby, a novel that would later become one of the best known pieces of classic literature in history. However, at the time of its publication, Gatsby was fairly unpopular ad the reviews were never consistent. As shocking as it may seem, I believe it is because Fitzgerald’s intelligence and creativity levels were way ahead of his time, which is evident when one pays close at tention to the themes of the novel. ForgivenessRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1001 Words   |  5 Pageshas been a place â€Å"where dreams come true,† from when the colonists aspired freedom and liberty to present day where Americans pursue wealth and success. However, throughout the twentieth century, this concept of the â€Å"American dream† seemed to have deceived the commonwealth as those who aspired success found themselves poor and deprived of the benefits the American dream promised them. This idea of the corruption of the American dream is prominent in the novel The Great Gatsby, as the author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby American Dream Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesforward in his head like a blind man knocking over the solid furniture.† All people have their own big dreams circulating their minds and a sort of desperation to achieve them, no matter where they grow up or live, but where someone comes from might influence what it is they’re longing for. In his novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† he demonstrates the delusive and far-fetched concept of the American dream in men of West Egg compared to those of the Valley of Ashes and East Egg by describing the different lifestylesRead MoreThe American Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"It is the elusive Gatsby, the cynical idealist, who embodies America in all of its messy glory.† Clearly as Adam Cohen asserts in his New York Times article â€Å"Jay Gatsby, Dreamer, Criminal, Jazz Age Rogue, Is a Man for Our Times†, this phenomenon is indeed true in that the American Dream is presented in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby as an idea that has been depraved into a dream characterized by the constant shift in ethics and fraudulence centered around materialistic visions of opulenceRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby954 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby changed Nick’s mi nd on the American dream and what it really is.Nick’s original thoughts on the American dream â€Å"...become again that most limited of all specialists, the ‘well-rounded man.’†(Fitzgerald 6),were much like his families in the beginning.Later after the events in his time with Gatsby Nick sees the error of his ways and returns to the Midwest giving up on his bond market dream.†Gatsby was never in it for the money and this revelation eventually caused Nick to give up his questRead MoreGreat Gatsby American Dream Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is about the struggle of achieving the American dream, and how much a person is willing to do to reach it. The book’s focus is on the obsession of Gatsby, the protagonist, and his feelings for Daisy, a married woman who he was previously involved with. The novel also focuses on Gatsby’s determination to make her fall in love with him by the gli tz of money and power. Fitzgerald uses the symbols of wealth, superficiality and irresponsibility to conveyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagespower are the core principles of The American Dream. Pursuit of a better life led countless numbers of foreign immigrants to America desiring their chance at the vast opportunity. Reaching the American Dream is not always reaching true happiness. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby achieves the American Dream, but his unrealistic faiths in money and life’s possibilities twist his dreams and life into useless life based on lies. Jay Gatsby believes he can buy happiness. For example

I Want to Be a Physical Therapist - 1409 Words

Physical therapy Some say that PT stands for physical therapist; others might say that it stands for physical terrorists. People who say it stands for physical terrorists are usually the people who have been patients before. Patients call it physical terror because in physical therapy you use different exercises that usually will make the area that they are doing the therapy for hurt in order to help it recover to its full range of motion. The career I want to pursue is physical therapy, in order to understand this profession you need to learn about the work environment, education needed, earnings, outlook, and the pros and cons of this career. Physical therapy unlike most occupations has a variety of work environments. As a physical therapist you can work in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, and private offices. In 2012 the top 2 industries to employ physical therapist is Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapy which employed 33% of the 204,200 jobs held by physical th erapy. The second top industry in 2012 to employ physical therapist is hospitals. Hospitals employed 28% of the 204,200 jobs held by physical therapist. Also, physical therapist stay on their feet helping patients get through their exercises. Furthermore, therapist may have to help patients move from exercise to exercise which may include carrying them. This can be stressful on therapist backs and feet. If you do not wear proper shoes or lift patients properly you can injure your back and notShow MoreRelatedPhysical Therapy And Mental Therapist1464 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Therapist or known as PTs, Physical Therapist Assistants, and a Geriatric Physical Therapist all sound like great careers. They are all the same in a way just different job hours, different responsibilities, and different places of work. I would rather be a Physical Therapist than a PT assistant and a Geriatric Physical Therapist, because PTs get paid relatively well. Also I would like to do more than to ass ist a therapist. My research shows that a Physical Therapists duty is to restoreRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Physical Therapist1213 Words   |  5 Pagesyears ago, I have decided that being a physical therapist was what I wanted to do for my profession in the future. The reason why is that when I see people hurt around town it makes me want to put what I am doing down and go over there and help them.I have always wanted to find a way to help out the community and I figured becoming a physical therapist what right for me. I have always wanted to become one but I never could decide when I was younger. My mom told me that I could become if I just putRead More Physical Therapy Essays1422 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Therapy Physical therapists are members of a health care team, specially trained to improve movement and flinction, relieve pain, and expand movement potential. Through evaluation and individualized treatment programs, physical therapists can both treat existing problems and provide preventive health care for people with a variety of needs (Physical Therapy-Improving 1). Physical therapists are very knowledgeable and skillful concerning the human body. Physical therapy is a complexRead MoreChanging Lives One Step at a Time Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesPediatric Physical Therapist, in the goal of making people healthier. I love kids so I would also like to narrow my studies on applying the physical therapy activities on children. I always wanted to go into some type of Medical or Health related career field, but I never considered Physical Therapy until I sprained my ankle and had to go myself. I got the chance to learn and observe how much fun they have there and how much they help a p erson grow mentally and physically. I also want to be theRead MoreMy Favorite And Best Subject1636 Words   |  7 Pagesschool is Math, but I have a A’s in all my other classes.   I like all my classes, and I’m not doing bad in any of them.   Although, my least favorite is Science.   I play sports all year round, including Volleyball in the fall, Gymnastics in the winter, Track in the Spring, Club volleyball in the Spring, and camps for all 3 in the summer.   Ã‚  I like to help my mom and dad by doing chores around the house and watching my little brothers.   When I took the Keirsey test I learned that I was good at managingRead MoreThe Field Of Physical Therapy1539 Words   |  7 PagesA topic that interests me is the field of physical therapy. Ever since I have been playing soccer since of the age of 3, I have always had many different injuries. This has made me want to help people while learning such a unique field. I have had different ankle and knee i njuries and having a good physical therapist really makes a big difference in rehab. This also impacted my desire to want to be a physical therapist because being in that environment; it was really fun being in such a good atmosphereRead MoreBeing A District Physical Therapist Manager Overseeing Twelve Different Facilities984 Words   |  4 PagesAs a district physical therapist manager overseeing twelve different facilities, it is important to adhere to the compliance standards and ensure other physical therapists and physical therapist assistances are attaining such standards. In this particular example, it was important that the district manager took responsibility for looking at the audits instead of relying only on the hired auditor. Two red flags were brought to the manager’s attention when reviewing the detailed reports: re-evaluationsRead MoreThe Medical Field Must Carry Responsibility863 Words   |  4 Pagesto help those who are in need. Once the Physical Therapis t becomes familiarized with the goals, they take into another consideration with promise, which is â€Å"to improve quality of life.† As a Physical Therapist we are given tools to improve someone’s life experience through our education and continual learning. In addition, with all the goals as a Physical Therapist has completed, they are able to optimize a person’s movement. Eventually, physical therapists are able to experience the wonders of helpingRead MoreMy Career Goals May Become A Physical Therapist1101 Words   |  5 PagesEventually I would like to be in sports medicine. I would like to finish all my required degree programs in a timely manner and complete a residency. I want as much hands-on training as possible and have great mentors to help me along the way. Once I have completed all the requirements I would like to have a small private practice to be able to give all my patients the time and assurance needed. I want to be very personable and know m y patients one on one. Once I have a practice established I feel thatRead MorePhysical Therapy : A Physical Therapist1194 Words   |  5 PagesOn the other hand, to just become a physical therapy assistant, all that is required is graduation from a physical therapist program and passing a national or state exam. When it comes to physical therapists’ salaries, it depends on a lot on of factors, like their job location, how much experience they have and their employer. â€Å"A Physical Therapist evaluates, diagnoses, and treats patients with disorders that limit their abilities to move or function normally in daily life. This career may be a good

M11Cde Skills-Based Assessment Free Essays

string(39) " be responsible for an entire network\." School of Engineering Computing Department of Computing Internet Information Security (M11CDE) Layered Security Student Name: BUSA ABANG OBI SID:4560229 I certify that this is my own work yes/no and that I have read and understand the University Assessment regulations. Signature: [pic] Submission Details The details below indicate what you should submit, when you should submit it and where is should be submitted to. Submission Date and Method Deadline 11 January 2013 11:50pm online submission. We will write a custom essay sample on M11Cde Skills-Based Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submission Format: 1. Fill the online quiz for the practical test which will be available one week before the final fixed deadline. . Download an electronic copy of this document and where there are blanks or spaces to complete addressing information etc. , please include them in the document. You submission should include the answers in the document, but do not change the document in any other way! If the document has been modified other than to include the required information your submission will be null and void. 3. Your files should be name as â€Å"SID_FIRSTNAME_SURNAME. doc†. E. g. 100292_FIRSTNAME_SURNAME. doc. 4. Save the configurations from all your network devices and embed them into the end of this document. 5. If you have attempted to configure VLANs, please also include a switch configuration from any one of your LAN switches. Please note that this must be a switch that you have actually configured VLANs on. 6. If you have implemented the network in Packet Tracer, you may consider submitting a copy of that as well but this is not compulsory. Zero Tolerance for late submission: If your work is late it will have to be marked zero according to new university policy. Please ensure you upload your work well before the deadline. You will be able to delete and update your work before the deadline. Plagiarism Note: As with all assessed work, both the research and written submission should be your own work. When submitting this work you are explicitly indicating that you have read the rules on plagiarism as defined in the University regulations and that all work is in fact your own, except where explicitly referenced using the accepted referencing style. Feedback and marking: The practical work will be marked by using the questions set in the online quiz and number of questions for each section will depend on the weightings set in the below sections. Feedbacks and marks will be provided once the online practical quiz is submitted. Network topology [Whilst the topology shows only two hosts on each LAN, you should configure four hosts on each LAN. ] Network Information The WAN IP network address between Dundee and Glasgow is 209. 154. 17. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 0. The WAN IP network address between Edinburgh and Glasgow is 209. 154. 16. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 0. This is clearly shown on the network topology. Dundee information The LAN for Dundee has been assigned an IP network address of 192. 168. 6. 0 Each subnet of the above network needs to accommodate 14 host addresses. The subnet mask will be 255. 255. 255. 40. This is worked out by borrowing 4 bits from the final octet and is shown in the table below. Table 1 Custom Subnet Mask for Dundee |255 |255 |255 |240 | |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | Use the 6th usable subnet for the LAN. Do not use subnet zero as the first usable subnet. The table below shows how the 6th usable network can be identified. |Network |Network ID |First Host |Last Host |Broadcast |Mask | |0 |192. 168. 6. 0 |192. 168. 6. 1 |192. 168. 6. 14 |192. 168. 6. 15 |/28 | |1 |192. 168. 6. 16 |192. 168. 6. 17 |192. 168. 6. 30 |192. 168. 6. 31 |/28 | |2 |192. 168. 6. 2 |192. 168. 6. 33 |192. 168. 6. 46 |192. 168. 6. 47 |/28 | |3 |192. 168. 6. 48 |192. 168. 6. 49 |192. 168. 6. 62 |192. 168. 6. 63 |/28 | |4 |192. 168. 6. 64 |192. 168. 6. 65 |192. 168. 6. 78 |192. 168. 6. 79 |/28 | |5 |192. 168. 6. 80 |192. 168. 6. 81 |192. 168. 6. 94 |192. 168. 6. 95 |/28 | |6 |192. 168. 6. 6 |192. 168. 6. 97 |192. 168. 6. 110 |192. 168. 6. 111 |/28 | |7 |192. 168. 6. 112 |192. 168. 6. 113 |192. 168. 6. 126 |192. 168. 6. 127 |/28 | You should be able to identify the pattern (or magic number from the subnet mask). If it is not immediately apparent subtract the last non-zero octet from 256. Edinburgh information The LAN for Edinburgh has been assigned an IP network address of 192. 168. 5. 0 Again, each subnet of the above network needs to accommodate 14 host addresses. The subnet mask will be 255. 255. 255. 240. This is worked out by borrowing 4 bits from the final octet and is shown in the table below. Table 1 Custom Subnet Mask for Edinburgh |255 |255 |255 |240 | |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | Use the 4th usable subnet for the LAN. Do not use subnet zero as the first usable subnet. You must follow the example for Dundee to complete the table for step 1 planning. You should be able to identify the pattern (or magic number from the subnet mask). If it is not immediately apparent subtract the last non-zero octet from 256. The elements of the coursework are: 1. Planning and assigning addresses [30 marks] 2. Basic configuration [40 marks] 3. Security ACLs [10 marks] 4. Security VLANs [20 marks] The basic theme is that Glasgow (GLA) is regional headquarters of the company. Edinburgh and Dundee are branch offices. Each network associate (student) will be responsible for an entire network. You read "M11Cde Skills-Based Assessment" in category "Essay examples" This means that using either the lab equipment in EC1-13 or Packet Tracer, you will configure 3 routers, 2 switches and 8 PCs. A network address and specific number of hosts per subnet has been assigned for the local LAN on each network (Edinburgh and Dundee). From the information provided, the subnet address, the subnet mask, the first and last usable addresses and the broadcast address for each site LAN need to be determined. (When using the router or Packet Tracer – it is expected that you keep a copy of your router configuration at each stage, just in case you run into problems). Step 1 Planning Using the chart below, plan the first ten usable subnets of the LAN address assigned to Edinburgh. You have been given the first 6 addresses for Dundee, you are now expected to plan for the first 10 addresses for Edinburgh. Subnet |Subnet |Subnet |First Host |Last Host |Broadcast | | |Address |Mask (/x) | | | | |0 |192. 168. 5. 0 |28 |192. 168. 5. 1 |192. 168. 5. 14 |192. 168. 5. 5 | |1 |192. 168. 5. 16 |28 |192. 168. 5. 17 |192. 168. 5. 30 |192. 168. 5. 31 | |2 |192. 168. 5. 32 |28 |192. 168. 5. 33 |192. 168. 5. 46 |192. 168. 5. 47 | |3 |192. 168. 5. 48 |28 |192. 168. 5. 49 |192. 168. 5. 2 |192. 168. 5. 63 | |4 |192. 168. 5. 64 |28 |19 2. 168. 5. 65 |192. 168. 5. 78 |192. 168. 5. 79 | |5 |192. 168. 5. 80 |28 |192. 168. 5. 81 |192. 168. 5. 94 |192. 168. 5. 95 | |6 |192. 168. 5. 96 |28 |192. 168. 5. 97 |192. 68. 5. 110 |192. 168. 5. 111 | |7 |192. 168. 5. 112 |28 |192. 168. 5. 113 |192. 168. 5. 126 |192. 168. 5. 127 | |8 |192. 168. 5. 128 |28 |192. 168. 5. 129 |192. 168. 5. 142 |192. 168. 5. 143 | |9 |192. 168. 5. 144 |28 |192. 68. 5. 145 |192. 168. 5. 152 |192. 168. 5. 159 | |10 |192. 168. 5. 160 |28 |192. 168. 5. 161 |192. 168. 5. 174 |192. 168. 5. 175 | For the WAN links for DUN and EDN the lowest usable address on the networks must be used. Identify and use the lowest usable WAN address for your S0 interface assigned to you for the two networks shown: 1 Dundee:209. 154. 17. 1 Edinburgh:209. 154. 16. 1 For security reasons, all of the production workstations will be assigned the lower-half of the IP addresses of the assigned subnet. All of the network devices and management stations will be assigned the upper-hal f of the IP address numbers of the subnet assigned for the LAN. From this upper half range of addresses, the Ethernet router interface (the default gateway on each LAN) is to be assigned the highest usable address. Identify the required IP address of the Ethernet interface on your two routers. Address of your Ethernet interface on Dundee : 192. 168. 6. 10 Address of your Ethernet interface on Edinburgh : 192. 168. 5. 78 The host (PC) configurations must also be planned. Using the table, complete the host information. |Branch: DUN |IP Address Range | |Production Host Range |192. 168. 6. 97——–192. 168. 6. 103 | |(Lower half) | | |Management Host Range |192. 168. 6. 104——–192. 168. 6. 10 | |(Upper half) | | [5 marks for ranges of addresses] Supply addresses for a production and management host. Production Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 6. 97 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 6. 110 Management Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 6. 104 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 6. 110 |Branch: EDN |IP Address Range | |Production Host Range |192. 68. 5. 65——–192. 168. 5. 71 | |(Lower half) | | |Management Host Range |192. 168. 5. 72——–192. 168. 5. 78 | |(Upper half) | | Supply addresses for a production and management host. Production Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 5. 65 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 5. 78 Management Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 5. 72 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 5. 78 Step 2 Basic Configuration Apply a basic configuration to the router. This configuration should include all the normal configuration items. You must supply one router configuration file. This will be either Dundee or Edinburgh. The router configuration files will be marked as follows: Basic Configuration †¢ Router name †¢ Console and VTY configuration and passwords (use ‘cisco’, ‘class’ and ‘berril’ for console, secret and VTY passwords respectively) †¢ Interface configurations DTE/DCE identified appropriately and clockrates set only on DCE †¢ Routing correct and working (RIP is fine) †¢ Host tables †¢ Banner display before login – warn of unauthorised access Basic Configuration (40 marks) Security (ACLS – Marked as part of step 3) 1. ACLs correct and applied to correct interface in correct direction [10] 2. ACLs cor rect but not applied to correct interface or direction [7 – 9] 3. ACLs attempted but some errors or wrong placement [4 – 6] 4. ACLs attempted but incorrect and not applied properly [1- 3] 5. ACLs not attempted [0] ACL Total (Total 10 marks) Step 3 Security There are several security concerns in the Internetwork. Develop Access Control Lists (ACLs) to address security issues. The following problems must be addressed: 1. The production hosts in both the Edinburgh and Dundee networks are permitted HTTP access to the 172. 16. 0. 0 network, management hosts are permitted no access to this network. 2. The company has discovered an Internet Web server at 198. 145. 7. 1 that is known to contain viruses. All hosts are banned from reaching this site. The ACLs are worth 10 marks. Step 4 VLANs This step is the final 20% of the coursework mark. To achieve this step you should consider how you might use a VLAN to separate the production and management LANs. The goal is that neither network should be able to see the other network traffic. There is no additional guidance on this part of the skills test as you are expected to identify: 1. An appropriate VLAN number to use for each VLAN. 2. An appropriate VLAN configuration. 3. Implement the VLAN and provide the switch configuration file(s) to show that the VLAN has been implemented. VLAN Marks The VLAN component will be marked as follows: VLAN configured and correct configuration supplied [20] †¢ VLAN identified but configuration incomplete or incorrect [10 – 15] †¢ VLAN attempted [5 – 10 depending on level of attempt] †¢ VLAN not attempted [0] VLAN (Total 20 marks) Appendix Network device configurations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Press RETURN to get st arted! Routerenable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# Router(config)#hostname EDINBURGH EDINBURGH(config)#line console 0 EDINBURGH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGH(config-line)#login EDINBURGH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#line vty 0 4 EDINBURGH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGH(config-line)#login EDINBURGH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#enable password cisco EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGH#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHen Password: EDINBURGH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGH(config)#enable secret class EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console [pic] [pic] EDINBURGH#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGH(config)#interface serial2/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip address 209. 154. 16. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Seri al2/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 5. 78 255. 255. 255. 240 EDINBURGH(config-if)#no shutdown LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#router rip EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 172. 16. 0. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 192. 168. 6. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 192. 168. 5. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 209. 154. 16. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 209. 154. 17. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#exit EDINBURGH(config)# banner motd #warn of unauthorised access# EDINBURGH(config)# banner login #do not enter if you are not authorized# EDINBURGH(config)#ip host DUN 209. 54. 17. 1 192. 168. 6. 110 EDINBURGH(config)#ip host GLA 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK] EDINBURGH# EDINBURGHshow host Default Domain is not set Name/address lookup uses domain service Name servers are 255. 255. 255. 255 Codes: UN – unknown, EX – expired, OK – OK, – revalidate temp – temporary, perm – permanent NA – Not Applicable None – Not defined Host Port Flags Age Type Address(es) DUN None (perm, OK) 0 IP 192. 168. 6. 110 209. 154. 17. 1 GLA None (perm, OK) 0 IP 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 EDINBURGH [pic] [pic] [pic] EDINBURGH#show r Building configuration†¦ Current configuration : 1291 bytes ! version 12. 2 no service timestamps log datetime msec no service timestamps debug datetime msec o service password-encryption ! hostname EDINBURGH ! ! ! enable secret 5 $1$mERr$9cTjUIEqNGurQiFU. ZeCi1 enable password cisco ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ip host DUN 192. 168. 6. 110 209. 154. 17. 1 ip host GLA 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192. 168. 5. 78 255. 255. 255. 240 ip access-group 100 in duplex auto speed auto ! interface FastEthernet1/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto shutdown ! interface Serial2/0 ip address 209. 154. 16. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 ip access-group 10 out ! interface Serial3/0 no ip address shutdown ! interface FastEthernet4/0 o ip add ress shutdown ! interface FastEthernet5/0 no ip address shutdown ! router rip network 172. 16. 0. 0 network 192. 168. 5. 0 network 192. 168. 6. 0 network 209. 154. 16. 0 network 209. 154. 17. 0 ! ip classless ! ! access-list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq www access-list 100 permit ip any any access-list 10 permit any access-list 10 deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 ! ! ! no cdp run ! banner login ^Cdo not enter if you are not authorized^C banner motd ^Cwarn of unauthorised access^C ! ! ! ! line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! ! ! end EDINBURGH# EDINBURGH#show access-lists configuration EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq 80 EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 100 permit ip any any EDINBURGH(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip access-group 100 in EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 10 permit any EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 10 deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 EDINBURGH(config)#interface serial2/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK] EDINBURGH# [pic] EDINBURGH#show access-lists Extended IP access list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq www permit ip any any Standard IP access list 10 permit any deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 EDINBURGH# [pic] EDINBURGHSWITCH CONFIGURATION Switchen Switch#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch(config)#hostname EDINBURGHSWITCH EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#line console 0 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#login EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#line vty 0 4 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#login EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#enable password cisco EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#enable secret class EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH# EDINBURGHSWITCH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#interface vlan1 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 5. 77 255. 255. 255. 240 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#ip default-gateway 192. 168. 5. 78 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK] EDINBURGHSWITCH# EDINBURGHSWITCH#vlan database % Warning: It is recommended to configure VLAN from config mode, as VLAN database mode is being deprecated. Please consult user documentation for configuring VTP/VLAN in config mode. EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#vlan 10 name production VLAN 10 modified: Name: production EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#vlan 20 name management VLAN 20 added: Name: management EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#exit APPLY completed. EDINBURGHSWITCH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#interface fastethernet0/2 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#switchport mode access EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)

Improvement Plan for Quota Park for Footpath- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImprovement Plan for Quota Park for Footpath. Answer: Introduction The paper is based on improvement plan for Quota park shared footpath. It is a building, maintenance as well as construction services. The construction plan of the Quota Park provides the local community with completed built out footpath plan. Mackay Regional Council seeks submissions from the experienced contractors those are constructing the shared footpath in the Quota Park. The paper is based on waterfall methodology, which is used in this construction work. This particular project work deals with construction workflow. It deals with technical sides of budget as well as execution of the project plan. This project work requires people, components, builders, stakeholders as well as local communities. The paper discusses on continuous improvement plan within the Quota Park Shared Footpath so that it can make strategic changes in their current plan. From the tender documents of the park, it is analyzed that the park requires improving in their plan to construct a footpath so that the visitors and local communities are satisfied with the project plan (Rouse 2016). The improvement plan is ongoing improvement over the project processes, products and services through incremental into the plan. The main motive of the plan is to satisfy the customers. Waterfall methodology helps the project plan to make changes by use of design, implementation, installation and maintenance phases. Continuous Improvement Plan for Quota Park Shared Footpath The improvement plan of the Quota Park Shared Footpath connects the local communities, targeted users as well as users evidence. The plan is focused to make investment in walking as well as cycling arterials (Madgunda et al. 2015). It improves network of both cycling as well as walking information. The construction of the footpath is facilitating connectivity as well as lightning enhancement into the park. It also improves accessibility to and in the lower socio economic areas. The reasons due to which the Quota Park needs an improvement plan are the park is disjointed and it is far from the town centre (Singh, Thakur and Chaudhary 2015). There are flooding into the park, environmental problems, erosion, poor visibility into the park, unsafe areas as well as safety issues around the Quota Park. In order to make the park more user friendly, familiar, it makes development into their existing business strategies (Copeland, Zarbo and Varney 2016). Walking as well as cycling routes is mar keted to the potential users. In order to meet with the strategic plan of Quota Park, there is a requirement of combination of infrastructure as well as community programmes. The infrastructure programme delivers network within the existing walking as well as recycling strategies within planned time (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). It also provides good trip end services as well as informational points. The improvement plan for the park enhances walking environments throughout the footpath renewal and their connectivity programme. The community programme targets the user groups, travel planning with potential users for each new route and adopt pilot communities for explore the effects of the project. Continuous improvement is done by taking partnership approach to make sure to meet with project objectives. The objectives of this project work are to construct the footpath for the local community (Zhang et al. 2015). The footpath is for walking as well as cycling in the Quota Park. The footpath design provides with an opportunity to incorporate some of the features such as entrance statements to be added to the roadway and new green infrastructure is constructed along the footpath. The existing park is required to landscape (Windle and Rolfe 2014). Through use of the waterfall project management methodology, the plan is handled the things properly from the planning to closing phases through proper development as well as quality assurance. The design standard of the footpath should be improved and it should be constructed based on the total number of users as well as mode of transportation. The factors are number of visitors visit the park per day, type of transportation as well, as if there is any cycle use the footpath (Muhammed et al. 2017). It is fundamental to clear up and concur with the group the numbers and sorts of clients that the footpath should be intended to take, as this will set the standard for the base width also, twist bend required for the way and the greatest permissible angle (Zhang, Nasir and Haas 2017). It is especially critical for the group to choose whether vehicles, will utilize the way, as this will require a base plan standard, which may extensively expand the measure of work required in enhancing the way or track. The four most critical outline standards are width of the footpath, clearance over the way, angle of the way and surfacing of the way. While improvement into the project plan of the Quota Park, there is required to select and develop of proper methods such as preparation of the proposal to community for making improvements into the plan (Aziz and Hafez 2013). There is required to estimate the assets such as work, materials, devices and the costs included. Outline the progressing support that will be expected to manage the proposed upgrades. The proposition ought to be exhibited at the Planning and Design meeting with the group for exchange and understanding of the project plan. The yield of the meeting ought to be a composed concession to the program of upgrades to be completed and the request of need of the work (Zhang, Nasir and Haas 2017). Secondly, there is preparation of the detailed work programme. Full points of interest of the concurred upgrades to the way can now be worked out and assessments of assets required checked. Detailed determinations and directions for completing the work ought to be readied. It is required to excavation of the level of the path across and along the footpath. It is required to prepare a level of bed across the formation width of the footpath. There should be a slot of 0.5m width, which are cut across the width of 5-10m (Martin and Osterling 2014). The main aim of the construction of the quota park footpath is to reduce the work in prepare the level of bed by balancing the cut alongside the fill (McCabe 2014). While along the path, there is an event that the longitudinal profile of the way is exceptionally irregular because of humps as well as plunges it might be important to smooth it out, particularly if vehicles are to utilize the way. For this situation the point will be to adjust the excavation of humps against the fill in the plunges to get a smoother surface (Mitra 2016). This should be possible by eye. However, due to the impressive work that might be included it ought to just be done where essential and to the minimum sum required. This extra work will require to be incorporated into the estimation of the individual working days essential to complete the project work and plan. The improvement plan defines the project properly such that the tenderers can determine its project cost properly. It would clearly define the physical, financial as well as functional terms such as service requirements as well as objectives. It permits sufficient time for the project, design as well as project documentation (Zeng, Tam and Tam 2015). There is an involvement into potential clients, maintainers and constructors in deciding outline of the plan. There should be an attempt to distinguish potential development troubles and make due remittance for them in deciding the development period; deciding and meeting with the project venture time as well as cost and organizational goals (Rumane 2016). There is an attempt of powerful venture attainability assessment; selection of the acquisition technique most appropriate to their necessities; recognize an unmistakable venture execution and obtainment methodology and counting of clear venture stages with characterized results and tim ings. There is a selection of procurement strategies, which would meet with the project needs (Zhang et al. 2015). The initial stage should be improved so that there is an identification of project as well as contract management resources needed for the project plan. In the construction work of the Quota Park Shared Footpath, there is an improvement into the cycle network-upgradation of path as well as strategic linkages. Improvement into the path network makes a good existence into the market. New primary cycle path are to be concreted and it is of width of 3m. There is an improvement into the drainage as well as flooding issues. Therefore, proper design of the path is done (Copeland, Zarbo and Varney 2016). When there is an external linkage into the internal path, then it will improve accessibility of the quota park. There should be an upgrdation of the picnic areas at the eastern end of the park. There are parking areas as well as installation of vehicles should provide a barrier to protect the picnic areas (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). The continuous improvement plan provides a program in which it improves detailed design as well as construction of the footpath of linked as well as quality parklands. The parks environment is protected and enhan ced that the footpath should satisfy the customers requirements. Nonstop change is finished by adopting organization strategy to try to meet with Quota park footpath targets. The goals of this project work are to build the trail for the nearby group. The pathway is for strolling and in addition cycling in the Quota Park (Muhammed et al. 2017). The pathway configuration furnishes with a chance to consolidate a portion of the components, for example, entrance articulations to be added to the roadway and new green foundation is built along the trail. Through utilization of the waterfall extend administration technique; the arrangement is dealt with the things appropriately from the first to final stages through legitimate improvement and additionally quality affirmation (Mitra 2016). The change get ready for the recreation center upgrades walking situations all through the pathway restoration and their network program. The people group program focuses on the client gatherings, travel arranging with potential clients for each new course and embrace pi lot groups for investigate the impacts of the project plan. The project manager involved with the project plan of Quota park footpath needs to change in the work so that they can make an improvement in their management services. they should need to attach more and more visitors so that they are satisfied with the pathway. The nature as well as surroundings of the park should be green which would be healthy for the visitors as well as local communities (Martin and Osterling 2014). Therefore, this plan helps in improving the entire construction project work of the footpath. The plan also analyzes various change management plan within the project work. Conclusion It is concluded that the Quota Park Shared Footpath with the goal that it can roll out key improvements in their present arrangement. From the delicate reports of the recreation center, it is investigated that the recreation center requires enhancing in their arrangement to develop a pathway so that the guests and nearby groups are happy with the venture arrange. The change plan is continuous change over the venture procedures, items and administrations through incremental into the arrangement. The primary intention of the arrangement is to fulfill the clients. Waterfall methodology helps the venture plan to roll out improvements by utilization of outline, execution, establishment and upkeep stages. While change into the project plan of the Quota Park, there is required to choose and create of legitimate strategies, for example, readiness of the proposition to group for making enhancements into the arrangement. There is required to assess the benefits, for example, work, materials, g adgets and the costs included. It is required to exhuming of the level of the way crosswise over and along the pathway. It is required to set up a level of bed over the arrangement width of the pathway. The primary point of the development of the standard stop pathway is to lessen the work in set up the level of bed by adjusting the cut close by the fill. References Aziz, R.F. and Hafez, S.M., 2013. Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement.Alexandria Engineering Journal,52(4), pp.679-695. Copeland, J., Zarbo, R. and Varney, R., 2016. Deviation Management: A Defect Management System for Continuous Improvement.American Journal of Clinical Pathology,146(suppl_1). Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Madgunda, S., Suman, U., Praneeth, G.S. and Kasera, R., 2015. Steps in Requirement Stage of Waterfall Model.International journal of computer mathematical sciences, pp.86-87. Martin, K. and Osterling, M., 2014.Value stream mapping: how to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation. McGraw-Hill. McCabe, S., 2014.Quality Improvement Techniques in Construction: Principles and Methods. Routledge. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Muhammed, M.A., Kabiru, S., Abdulkarim, J.A., Riazi, S.R.M. and Nawi, M.N.M., 2017. Profitability of Continuous Improvement Process in Developing Human Resource Plan for Construction Companies in Malaysia.International Review of Management and Marketing,6(8S), pp.299-305. Rouse, M., 2016. Waterfall model.Essential guide: CIO guide to project management basics DevOps and Agile, pp.1-50. Rumane, A.R., 2016.Quality management in construction projects. CRC Press. Singh, D., Thakur, A. and Chaudhary, A., 2015. A Comparative Study between Waterfall and Incremental Software Development Life Cycle Model.International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology,2(04). Windle, J. and Rolfe, J., 2014. Estimating the nonmarket economic benefits of beach resource management in southeast Queensland, Australia.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,21(1), pp.65-82. Zeng, S.X., Tam, C.M. and Tam, V.W., 2015. Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1). Zhang, D., Nasir, H. and Haas, C.T., 2017. Development of an Internal Benchmarking and Metrics Model for Industrial Construction Enterprises for Productivity Improvement.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, (ja). Zhang, D., Nasir, H. and Haas, C.T., 2017. Development of an Internal Benchmarking and Metrics Model for Industrial Construction Enterprises for Productivity Improvement.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, (ja). Zhang, F., Wang, X.H., Nunes, P.A. and Ma, C., 2015. The recreational value of gold coast beaches, Australia: An application of the travel cost method.Ecosystem Services,11, pp.106-114.

11 Main Challenges Faced By Admin Assistants

11 Main Challenges Faced By Admin Assistants Administrative assistants work in every industry, and their jobs are  extremely demanding. If youre not one, you might not know how hard they work, but don’t underestimate the grueling nature of their day-to-day or the amount of education they needed to get there! And if you are one, you know all too well the struggles that come from this often underappreciated job.Here are a few challenges admin assistants face on the regular.1. Difficult PersonalitiesEver had a bad boss? Yeah, well, administrative assistants are tasked to those bad bosses 24/7. Their whole job is to deal with those demanding, aggressive, socially awkward, self-important, micromanaging lunatics. So show a little respect.2. Devaluation of their JobIf you’re an admin assistant, everybody just assumes you’re not qualified enough to get a real job. That’s mostly because they have no idea what your job actually entails. No one multitasks or juggles better. But admin assistants are too humble to correct you. They know what they know.3. Clean-up Responsibilities for AllThe task of office clean-up, and also the general putting out of everybody else’s fires and fixing of everybody’s messes, almost always falls to admin assistants. Next time you see a handwritten sign taped over the festering sink, think of how many weeks of suffering in silence went on before that sign even went up.4.  Youre Always on CallEven though admin assistants have little authority, they are expected to know almost everything and they can be blamed for almost everything that happens to go wrong. And they are expected to be available whenever anybody needs them.5. Inconsistent Whims and DemandsAdmin assistants aim to please and are always trying to carry out a boss’s wishes and anticipate his or her needs. But so often bosses keep moving the goalposts and changing the rules. It can be enormously frustrating to keep up.6. Inappropriate RequestsIt’s bad enough having to ba bysit your boss and your colleagues. Sometimes you’re asked to actually babysit children when a coworker or your boss brings theirs to work. Or you’re asked to go get someone’s dry cleaning (someone you dont report to) or run another ridiculous errand.7. Shooting the MessengerEven if you didn’t screw up, you’re the one who usually gets yelled at- by everyone. Admin assistants are constantly in the direct line of fire.8. Lack of Trust and TimeYou could either end up with a boss who rides you on every little detail, or even worse, one who doesn’t have any time for you. It’s very hard to do your job if you don’t get at least a few minutes a day of face time to make sure you know what’s needed of you.9. Theres Rarely a ThanksOf all the things you’ll hear said or shouted at you as an admin assistant, â€Å"thank you† is almost never one of those things. Even and especially when you were the one who saved the day .10. No Time to Do It AllAs an admin assistant, your list of tasks- and the stack of papers on your desk- is gargantuan. You make deadlines just fine, but the to-do list never seems to shrink.11. No MoneyPerhaps the biggest injustice done to admin assistants is the egregious lack of compensation. Nobody gets paid less given their work and worth.So next time you feel like yelling at an assistant- or just dumping some thankless jobs on their desk, don’t! Imagine what their day must be like first and show a little love. And if you are one, thanks for all you do. We appreciate you.

Profile of Manson Follower Leslie Van Houten

Profile of Manson Follower Leslie Van Houten At age 19, self-proclaimed Manson family member, Leslie Van Houten, took part in the 1969 brutal murders of Leon and Rosemary LaBianca. She was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder and sentenced to death. Because of an error in her first trial she was granted a second which deadlocked. After spending six months free on bond, she returned to the courtroom a third time and was convicted and sentenced to life. Leslie Van Houten - Before Manson Leslie was an attractive, popular teenager and sexually active by the age of 14. By age 15 she was pregnant and had an abortion, however, even with her sketchy behavior she was popular among her peers and was twice voted as homecoming queen at her high school. This acceptance did not seem to sway her bad choices. By the time she left high school she was involved in hallucinogenic drugs and was drifting toward a hippy type lifestyle. A Self-Proclaimed Nun After graduating from high school, Leslie moved in with her father and attended a business college. When she was not busy studying to become a legal secretary, she was busy being a nun in a yogic spiritual sect, The Self-Realization Fellowship. The community failed to keep her focus for long and at the age of 18 she decided to visit a friend living in San Francisco. Joining the Manson Family Van Houten liked the San Francisco streets where drugs flowed as free as the music and a free-love attitude was a popular life style. She met Bobby Beausoleil, his wife Gail and Catherine Share, and began traveling around California with them. In September 1968, they took her to meet Charlie Manson and the family at Spahns Movie Ranch, a 500-acre ranch, located in the Santa Susana Mountains. Three weeks later she moved to the ranch and became one of Mansons devout followers. Manson Gives Van Houten to Tex Watson: Later described by a psychiatrist as a spoiled little princess, Van Houten was accepted by the family members, but Manson seemed disinterested in her and her pretty face. He never gave her a special family name and immediately after her arrival he assigned her to be Tex Watsons girl. The lack of attention from Manson made Leslie try harder to get into his good graces. When the opportunity to prove her commitment to Manson arrived on August 10, 1969, she accepted. With her family idol, Patricia Krenwinkel, and boyfriend, Tex Watson, by her side, Van Houten entered the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianco. She was aware that on the previous night family members had butchered Sharon Tate and four others. She listened the night before to the stories Krenwinkel told about the thrill she received as she stabbed the bound, pregnant Sharon Tate. Now it was Van Houtens chance to make Manson see her true commitment to him by performing equally horrific acts. The LaBianca Murders Inside the LaBianca home, Van Houten and Krenwinkel tied an electrical cord around the neck of 38-year-old Rosemary LaBianca. Rosemary, laying in the bedroom, could hear her husband, Leon, being murdered in the other room. When she began to panic, the two women put a pillow case over her head and Van Houten held her down as Tex and Krenwinkel took turns stabbing her. After the murder, Van Houten cleaned up traces of fingerprints, ate, changed clothes and hitched hiked to Spahns Ranch. Van Houten Implicates Charlie and the Family in Murder: The police raided Spahns Ranch on August 16, 1969, and Barker Ranch on October, 10 and Van Houten and many of the Manson family members were arrested. During interrogation, Van Houten told police about Susan Atkins and Patricia Krenwinkles involvement in the Tate murder. She also told authorities of Atkins involvement in the murder of music teacher, Gary Hinman, after a botched drug deal. Giggles and Chants Van Houten was eventually tried for her involvement in the murder of Rosemary LaBianco. She, Krenwinkel and Atkins made several attempts to disrupt court proceedings by chanting, yelling at the prosecutors and giggling during descriptive testimony about the Tate and LaBianco murders. Under Charlie Mansons directions, Van Houten repeatedly fired the public defenders who tried to separate her trial from those being tried for the Tate murders since she had not participated in the crimes. The Murder of Ronald Hughes: Toward the end of the trial, Van Houtens hippie lawyer Ronald Hughes, refused to allow Manson to manipulate his client by allowing her to implicate herself further in the murders to protect Manson. Soon after he made his objections known to the court, he vanished. Months later his body was found wedged between rocks in Ventura County. Later, some of the Manson Family admitted that family members were responsible for his murder, although no one has ever been arrested. Sentenced to Die The jury found Leslie Van Houten guilty of two counts of first-degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder and she was sentenced to death. California outlawed the death penalty in 1972 and her sentence was commuted a life imprisonment. Van Houten was granted a second trial after it was determined that the judge in her previous case failed to call a mistrial after Hughes disappearance. The second trial began in January 1977 and ended in a deadlock nine months later and for six months Van Houten was out on bail. The Van Houten who appeared in the original murder trial and the one who appeared in the retrial was a different person. She had cut off all ties to Manson and publicly denounced him and his beliefs and accepted the reality of her crimes. Back to Jail for Good In March 1978 she returned to the courtroom for her third trial and this time she was found guilty and sentenced again to life imprisonment. Leslie Van Houtens Prison Days While in prison, Van Houten has been married and divorced, received a B.A. in English Literature, and is active in recovery groups in which she shared her experience, strength, and hope. She has been denied parole 14 times, but has said she will keep trying. As to her involvement in the horrific acts committed on that August evening in 1969 she chalks it up to LSD, mind control methods used by Charles Manson, and brain washing. Currently, she is at the California Institute for Women in Frontera, California. Source:Desert Shadows by Bob MurphyHelter Skelter by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt GentryThe Trial of Charles Manson by Bradley Steffens

Statehood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statehood - Essay Example According to the paper the criterion listed above that the states must have the capacity to enter into relations with other States, appears to imply that the State must be recognized by other States before it can exist as a political entity. But this is belied in Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention, which clearly states that â€Å"the political existence of the State is independent of recognition by the other States. According to Crawford, statehood and recognition must be separated as two distinct categories, for example, Israel was not recognized by many of its neighboring Arab States, but it has existed as a State nevertheless. According to Cassese, it is effectiveness that is at the core of all legal relations and the Community of States has not thus far defined binding legitimate criteria for new States; on this basis recognition is not the relevant criterion which will determine statehood. However, with the end of the Second World War and the development of the UN Charter,8 international law has been redefined. According to Article 4.1 of the UN Charter, membership in the United Nations is open to â€Å"all other peace loving states† thereby implying that only a State will be recognized by the collective world body, i.e, the United Nations. Moreover, this article specifies certain conditions for membership; they must be (a) peace loving (b) accept the obligations of the present Charter and (c) must be willing to carry out these obligations.

Modern Misogyny Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Misogyny - Essay Example Our status, politics, educational systems, and advertising are littered with the not so subtle remnants of misogyny. Though the new feminism has fought to correct these notions of prejudice and scorn, we must wonder if any progress has been made. A daily newspaper, a television show, or a pop recording will reveal the undercurrent of misogyny that flows beneath the sea of women's rights. Religion and mythology have been the most ardent perpetrators of misogyny throughout history. In the biblical story of the Garden of Eden, Eve is blamed for Adams's downfall. According to Dr. Gary Macy, professor of theology at the University of San Diego, during the Middle Ages the Catholic Church used its power, ancient texts, and the rewriting of canon law to "make misogyny an official part of church doctrine" (Rigby). Women were not only barred from the priesthood, but Macy adds that canon law "expressly forbid any woman from serving as a ruler, politician, or judge because of the fact that women were too stupid to understand the law" (qtd. in Rigby). This attitude of misogyny has lasted through the centuries as we see the under-representation of women in positions of corporate, political, and public leadership. The Catholic Church did not have a monopoly on misogyny in history. One of the most brutally misogynist religions has been Islam. Aristotle viewed women as defective, void of shame, false of speech, and inferior to the male. His writings influenced later Muslim theologians and Arab philosophers. According to Hashmi, the difference between pre-modern misogyny and modern Islam is difficult to discern and notes that, "There is hardly any difference between the misogynic expositions by Aristotle and a village mullah1 in Bangladesh". The Taliban in the Afghanistan region have exemplified this doctrine and the status of Islamic women in Saudi Arabia has also suffered under these beliefs. The misogyny that infiltrates the world's religions has been a "Pandora's Box" for politics. The US democratic form of government has offered little protection. When first formed in the 18th century, women had no more rights outside the churches than within them. The witch trials had confirmed men's suspicions of a woman's power and were reluctant to share their God given domain of rule. Women could not vote, own property, or participate in the economy. They could not hold public office. To date there has not been a woman President or Vice-President. Nancy Pelosi became the first female to become Speaker of the House in spite of her gender. Women make up 50% of the voting public, yet they hold less than 10% of the Congressional seats and only 1% of the Senate ("Minorities and Women"). Once misogyny was released from the box, it became a difficult task to put it back in its place. Centuries of legitimized misogyny have also infected the economic system. We hear of the 'glass ceiling' and the wage disparity between male and female workers performing the same duties. What is often overlooked are the subtler ways that the misogynist attitudes affect women. In our education system we have recently heard a Harvard University President propose that, "because Harvard draws only from the very top, it would be understandable that very few women would be found there" (Nelson). The misogyny in the Universities works its way into the boardrooms and decision-making processes of our economy. The public's lack of concern

Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policing - Essay Example Group think is also a characteristic of police subculture that entails the police unit making decisions with minimal consultations or consideration of other options. The institutionalized behavior refers to the sense of contentment and completeness of the police (Stevens, 2011). The justification of wrongful rights involves coming up with reasons to justify the police’s actions, while the material essentials allows the officers share various essentials such as uniforms, technology and even vehicles. Mentoring conducted by the high-ranking patrol officers allows for appreciation of the ranks in the police service, personality development allows the policemen develop their personality types, secrecy where other police officers do not report of other officer do not betray other officers, thin blue line that prevents the citizens from resulting into chaos (Stevens, 2011; Pollock, 2011). Two worlds of perspective where police work and live in another, and lastly the use of force th at allows for the police officers justify the use of force (Stevens, 2011). Origins in training, brotherhood of officers, cohesion, institutionalized behavior, material essentials and conservatism are beneficial while use of force, CYA, justification of wrong acts and criminal blindness which are

Archaeologists Interpretations of Sex and Gender

Archaeologists Interpretations of Sex and Gender How have archaeologists attempts to interpret sex and gender relations in the past changed? Gender, as a point of request in the investigation of prehistoric studies, has not been of essential enthusiasm until late history. It has just been as of late in the last thirty or forty years that the investigation of sex and gender relations as far as examining it in archaeological revelation has been a point that archaeologists have been truly seeking after. The subject of gender has still not been argued to the degree that which we need it to be, the sub topics considered a detail of investigation as opposed to the core interest. One of the obstinate conclusions on this theme is on account of it is for the most part accepted that the patriarchal society has been the prevailing social structure all through the current societies, along these lines to study sexual orientation relations is to summon a similar outcome through numerous social orders (Bettina and Wicker 2001).However, this is the centre issue with the path in which societies have been celebrated internationally through western conviction frameworks hence making suppositions about the way that sex and sex are considered inside those social orders subject to present day gauges of understanding it is imperative re-evaluate the way of social structures that have been resolved through one-sided suspicions keeping in mind the end goal to better build a photo of an antiquated social orders. In the last 40 years or so, Feminism has become one of the key influences for archaeologists, especially the post-processualists. Feminism was also one of the driving forces behind the interest in practice, meaning and identity in archaeological theory. It originated when women questioned why there was an absence of women in archaeological fields and also from the past that archaeologists wrote about. For instance, there were only a small number of fields that were run by women and although, there are usually more women that study archaeology than men, after they graduate, more men decide to get a job in archaeology. There is a drop off in number of female archaeologists with age. You could ask, why does feminism matter in archaeology? Some people would say that it is just about diversity, when it comes to feminism, allowing more equality between men and women. However, it is not just about this. It is also about the potential of archaeology as a subject. Many statements or stereotyp es made about gender and sexuality are still presented as timeless; Women care for children, men are superior leaders, etc. However, it can be argued that, the time depth of archaeology gives us the chance to modify these views and instead offer different narratives for the history of gender and sexuality. To show that it is not always the same, that it has changed through time and space. It is because archaeology is a potentially powerful subject that we have to think about these issues in the long term. In order to tackle the issue of gender, we must discuss what gender is and whether there is an absolute biological difference. One of the standard definitions of bodily identity is the classic biological description which is of two genders dictated by chromosomes, with females having XX chromosomes and males XY. The traditional biological view that sex defines gender was criticised by Simone de Beavoir who showed that the ideas of what a woman should be were not natural but cultural, I was not born, but rather, became a woman. People were expected to behave in certain ways. The idea that girls like pink, that they play with dolls not guns and that theyre passive quiet and submissive. Those classic ideas about what a woman was, particularly at the time Beavoir was writing are not at all natural but in fact cultural that are learned, that society placed upon us. In the New Archaeology, there was no consideration of gender. There was always the constant use of man and a failure to engag e with gender meant that there were essentially no roles for women in the past, and even if there were a role, it would most likely be secondary work and usually based on assumption rather than evidence. A particular example would be the idea that man was the hunter and woman the gatherer. Feminism had a huge impact in archaeology in the form of three waves which challenged he status quo. The first wave asked simple questions such as; where are the women in the past? Why arent there that many female archaeology professors? Why do men receive more benefits than women? Meg Conkey and Joan Gero who wrote the book Engendering Archaeology ­, which was the first active attempt to think about what the role of women in prehistory was. A lot of first wave feminism comes out of these two archaeologists (Gero and Conkey 1991). The second wave of feminism is even more concerned with the role of women and the sense that archaeologists have always presumed that men did all the important stuff (Nelson et al 1994). Janet Spectors book What This Awl Means thinks about the role of women in Dakota Village. As a result of all this, we get an increasing emphasis on the study of past gender relations. So, it is not just about what women are doing but about what the relationship between me n and women in the past. The third wave of Feminism begins to critique the other waves by asking whether the gender categories are universal, why do we assume that categories such as men and women have any meaning in the past? It also began to ask about transgender people, alternative genders and also different histories of sexualities. It is about thinking in a more complicated way and by this point, were not basing upon basic categories about men and women. Mary Louise Sorensens book Gender Archaeology focuses more on gender archaeology rather than feminist archaeology, thinking about the different gender combinations and how it all plays out. At this point, it can be argued that it is not just about women now. Archaeologists have taken a huge interest in masculinity, asking questions such as; How were male identities constructed in the past? How has the role of men changed? A solid example can be found in the works of Paul Treharne on the bronze age in Europe where he is looking at the idea of a warrior identity which we see in some of the graves in central and eastern Europe. This idea that there was a particular role in society and that they also had a particular look. The traditional sex model suggests that sex is biologically determined, that its clear genetically but also through sexual characteristics and the idea that sex is universal and natural. Opposed to this, we get the concept of gender, and gender in this sense is culturally determined, the product of our own experiences and the society that we grow up in as well as demonstrating through clothing, behaviour and possible bodily alterations. If we argue that that this is what it is about, if its sex being biological and gender being cultural, then isnt this just a nature/culture divide. In a sense, no. It is a lot more complicated; XX and XY are just two of eleven different possible chromosome combinations. Some people can be genetically XX but have male characteristics and vice-versa. In fact, the two-sex model, the idea that sex is just these two opposed identities is just a particular product of the way that we have thought about science in the west, in the same way that gender is a co nstruction and that we are easily willing to accept that. We see it as culturally determined, the product of the society we grow up in. Judith Butler looked at what we call Gender Performativity which was the attempt to move beyond the nature culture divide in our thinking about sexuality in the past. She argues that gender and sex are not pre-determined by our biology but something that we produce through practice and performance. Butler argues that there are male and female regulatory ideals and so it is not that we are born male and female but from the very moment we are born, our gender identity begins to be constructed and it is certainly affected by the regulatory ideals that society has for us (i.e. parents etc.). Butler uses the example of girling the girl; this notion that the midwife lifts up the baby and says its a girl. Begins the process for gender performance. Her argument is that in acting and performing the gendered regulatory ideals, we also sustain the gender performance. Her idea of a regulatory ideal is the idea that there are key concepts of what it is to be male and what it is to be female and t hat these are very particular and historically constructed and that we often attempt to try and live up to them or perhaps to question them? So, the idea that wearing certain clothes, acting in certain ways, having particular ideas about how one would want their life to work out, the idea that women should want to have children. All of these help us to live up the standards that we can never actually quite achieve. In doing so, we help to sustain these regulatory ideals. At one point, we can undermine and challenge regulatory ideals. By doing this we can act to shift them. Butler is often accused of playing the body. We do not choose our genitalia so how can we perform our gender. Butler points out that we are not meant to deny the role of the body but instead to argue that our bodies and biology are caught up in social discourse. We do not live in a world where we can only understand our bodies through brute biology, our understandings of our bodies are also always shaped by our cultural context. You can think about how you think about your own body, whether you think about it as biological, the product of our DNA and genes we inherit from our parents, or whether is it cultural, eat particular foods to look a particular way. Modifications to the body can also be thought about; tattoos and piercing, as cultural things. As a result of this, they are often viewed as superficial. What is personhood? The condition or state of being a person (Fowler). Not everyone understands sex, gender or the body in the same way across time and space and equally different cultures understand what it means to be a person differently. Who we recognise as a person, at what point do we recognise a person is different across culturally. In the west, we understand people and personhood to be about individualism, the idea that we are physically determined by our biology, that people have free will and as a result, they are responsible or their own actions and that we think this is the same in all time and space, and we consider the idea of the individual to be a natural state of being. This is a person who is bounded and defined by their skin. When the same way our bodies are not natural, the production of the western individual is not natural at all. Our individualism is created and sustained by our technology and culture. So, we have mobile phones, sleep in private beds, have dia ries etc. All of these are cultural choices about the way we organise our world. The opposite of individual personhood is relational personhood and in this model a person is defined by the relationships that they have with others. There are differing ideas about free will and personal responsibility. If a person is defined by their relationships and the other people that surround them then free will and responsibility shift. In a more modern view, boundaries of the body, skin and person are viewed as more permeable. The point is that if personhood isnt the same everywhere today, was it the same everywhere in the past? As a result, should we be walking about individuals in the past? In one sense, yes. People such Hodder and Meskell would argue that we should be looking for individuals in the past and tell their stories. However, there are other archaeologists such as Thomas and Fowler, who believe that we shouldnt talk about individuals in the past as they are just a concept as a result of western philosophy. We should recognise that although past personhood might have some familiar aspects we cannot assume people in the past were individuals. Personhood allows us to think in interesting ways about what it means to be a person in the past. This stops us universally and presuming that everyone always and everywhere understands what it means to be human in the same way. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach. London: Routledge. Butler, J. 1993. Bodies that Matter: on the Discursive Limits of Sex. London: Routledge. Gero, J. and Conkey, M. (eds.) 1991. Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell. Meskell, L. 1996. The somatization of archaeology: institutions, discourses, corporeality. Norwegian Archaeological Review 29 (1): 1-16. Nelson, S. 1997. Gender in Archaeology. London: AltaMira. Sà ¸renson, M.L.S. 2000. Gender Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell. Spector, J.D. 1991. What this awl means: towards a feminist archaeology. In J.M. Gero and M.W. Conkey (eds.) Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 388-407. Treherne, P. 1995. The warriors beauty: the masculine body and self-identity in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 3 (1): 105-144 Gilchrist, R. 1999. Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past. London: Routledge.

small stage acting :: essays research papers

Topic - Small Stage Acting General Purpose - To Inform Specific Purpose - To explain the dos and don’ts of small stage acting Central Idea - By informing the listeners about what to do and what not to do on a small stage they can learn from my mistakes and avoid them if they ever want to do some acting. I. Introduction: â€Å"There is no business like show business like no business I know. Everything about it is appealing. Everything the traffic will allow. No where can you get that special feeling, only when you are stealing that extra bow.† A. You have to endure a lot being an actor or an actress. B. Stage acting is especially hard. 1. You have to project your voice. 2. Stand where everyone in the audience can see you. 3. There are no takes so you cannot miss a line. II. If you screw up, just go on: A. Opening night I slammed the door open so hard the props fell off the wall. 1. I covered and acted like I was supposed to do it. 2. The other girl on stage bent down behind the couch and laughed. B. If someone misses a line, go on with your line or try to jog their memory. C. I dropped my liquor glass in rehearsal and got yelled at because I did not pick it up. II. Props: A. It is important to use props that will not hinder your performance. 1. You are responsible for your props. a. Never leave them in the way or another actor will trip over them. b. I did not hold the wine glass the proper way. 1.) The director said I held the glass like a beer mug 2.) I was supposed to hold it like a lady: like my character. B. Always check to make sure your props are ready before you go on stage. 1. It would be awful to not be able to find your prop when you need it. 2. It is also not fun eating week old chex-mix. 3. Someone did not check the gun on opening night, so I had to yell â€Å"bang!† III. Eating and Drinking on Stage: A. Drinking on Stage 1. Never pour more in a glass than you will be able to drink before your exit. 2. I had to stand at the door and gulp my wine down before leaving (but it was in keeping with my alcoholic character). 3. Never gesture with your glass. B. Eating on Stage 1. Try to avoid salty foods on stage. small stage acting :: essays research papers Topic - Small Stage Acting General Purpose - To Inform Specific Purpose - To explain the dos and don’ts of small stage acting Central Idea - By informing the listeners about what to do and what not to do on a small stage they can learn from my mistakes and avoid them if they ever want to do some acting. I. Introduction: â€Å"There is no business like show business like no business I know. Everything about it is appealing. Everything the traffic will allow. No where can you get that special feeling, only when you are stealing that extra bow.† A. You have to endure a lot being an actor or an actress. B. Stage acting is especially hard. 1. You have to project your voice. 2. Stand where everyone in the audience can see you. 3. There are no takes so you cannot miss a line. II. If you screw up, just go on: A. Opening night I slammed the door open so hard the props fell off the wall. 1. I covered and acted like I was supposed to do it. 2. The other girl on stage bent down behind the couch and laughed. B. If someone misses a line, go on with your line or try to jog their memory. C. I dropped my liquor glass in rehearsal and got yelled at because I did not pick it up. II. Props: A. It is important to use props that will not hinder your performance. 1. You are responsible for your props. a. Never leave them in the way or another actor will trip over them. b. I did not hold the wine glass the proper way. 1.) The director said I held the glass like a beer mug 2.) I was supposed to hold it like a lady: like my character. B. Always check to make sure your props are ready before you go on stage. 1. It would be awful to not be able to find your prop when you need it. 2. It is also not fun eating week old chex-mix. 3. Someone did not check the gun on opening night, so I had to yell â€Å"bang!† III. Eating and Drinking on Stage: A. Drinking on Stage 1. Never pour more in a glass than you will be able to drink before your exit. 2. I had to stand at the door and gulp my wine down before leaving (but it was in keeping with my alcoholic character). 3. Never gesture with your glass. B. Eating on Stage 1. Try to avoid salty foods on stage.

Expansionary Policy

Expansionary policy is a macroeconomic policy that seeks to expand the money supply to encourage economic growth or combat inflation. One form of expansionary policy is fiscal policy, which comes in the form of tax cuts, rebates and increased government spending. Expansionary policies can also come from central banks, which focus on increasing the money supply in the economy. The U. S. Federal Reserve employs expansionary policies whenever it lowers the standard fed funds rate or discount rate or when it buys Treasury bonds on the open market, thereby injecting capital directly into the economy.I will focus this paper?on these policies and theories, and how the federal government would engage them?in an effort to move the economy out of a recession. The Great Depression challenged the classical model with the reality of a long depression and high unemployment. In The General Theory, Keynes attacked the classical model in two important ways. First, he identified some flaws in the mode l. Second, unlike the business cycle theorists, he offered a well-developed alternative model of the macroeconomy.This model was the basis for the Keynesian revolution, the change in macroeconomic theory and policy that occurred when Keynes's ideas displaced the classical explanation of how output and employment are determined. The Keynesian model begins with aggregate demand and works from there to employment, instead of the other way around (Amacher & Pate, 2012). In the 1930s Unemployment was high because planned spending was too low to generate the level of output that would result in full employment. Thus, too little spending was identified as the cause of unemployment.To reduce unemployment, planned spending had to increase. In the language of aggregate supply and aggregate demand (a model developed after Keynes), aggregate demand had to shift to the right. In attempting to identify the cause of employment, Keynes reasoned as follows: EXPANSIONARY POLICY 3 The level of employm ent is directly related to the level of production, or output. In a market economy, planned spending on the output of the business sector will determine the level of production. Firms adjust their levels of production to meet demand for their products. Put simply: Supply adjusts to demand.(In contrast, Say's law said that supply creates its own demand). Because employment depends on production and production responds to spending, the level of employment in a market economy depends on the level of planned spending in the economy (Perry, 2009). Before Keynes balanced budgets were generally accepted by politicians and the public as the responsible thing. Keynesian view challenged the desirability of balanced budgets. Argued that federal budget should be used to promote AD/full employment. Federal Budget influences AD two ways: ?Government spending on goods and services stimulates AD.National defense, highways, education, etc. Tax policy influences AD. Tax cut increases disposable incom e, increases PCE – C goes up. Business tax cut increases business investment on equipment, etc. Keynes argues that fluctuations in AD are the source of economy disturbances and create the bus cycle – â€Å"Animal Spirits. † Policy conclusion; stabilize the economy through fiscal policy (Perry, 2009). If economy is in recession, government should engage in expansionary fiscal policy†¦increase government spending and/or reduce taxes, increase budget deficit.Borrow money (to finance the deficit) from individuals, businesses or foreigners. Economy is in recession at due to animal spirits. Downward pressure on prices. Expansionary fiscal policy (active budget deficit) cut personal income taxes, cut corporate taxes; increase government spending government can pursue restrictive fiscal policy to reduce AD1 to AD2 (Investopedia, 2013). EXPANSIONARY POLICY 4 Keynesian view; government should engage in activist, discretionary, countercyclical policy to stabilize econ omy. Run deficit during recession to stimulate (increase) AD.Run surplus during expansion to restrain (decrease) AD. Since budget deficits are now permanent, restrictive policy now means a smaller deficit, not a surplus. If deficit goes from $200B to $100B, that is restrictive, even though there is still a deficit (Investopedia, 2013). When Keynes attacked the ideas of the classical school in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), he was attacking the mainstream of 19th-century economic thought. In doing so, he ignored some important work by other economists, such as Henry Simons and Irving Fisher, who were working in the classical tradition.The ideas that Keynes criticized were those that drove the macroeconomic policies of his time. His contributions changed the policy approach to recessions and depressions for decades to follow (Amacher & Pate, 2012). Fiscal policy relies on changes in government spending and taxes (and transfer payments, which can be treat ed as negative taxes). In general, conservative Keynesians prefer tax changes, leaving the level of government spending constant. Liberal Keynesians are more likely to favor changes in government spending or transfer payments.Fiscal policy cannot be considered outside the context of the level and composition of existing government spending†¦ In the United States, a large share of the nation's income is claimed by government, and a substantial share of output is produced by or for government (Amacher & Pate, 2012). There are two kinds of fiscal policy. One kind is put into place and left to respond automatically to changes in the level of economic activity. The second kind, used less frequently, is deliberate action to change tax laws or enact new spending programs so as EXPANSIONARY POLICY 5 to influence the level of output, employment, and prices.Congressional legislation over the years, much of it enacted during the Great Depression, has created a system of tax collections an d transfer payments that change automatically in response to changes in national income. These automatic stabilizers partially offset changes in private spending and tend to reduce fluctuations in output and employment. They primarily include changes in income tax collections, Social Security and welfare benefits, and unemployment compensation claims. Because these automatic stabilizers are triggered by changes in the economy, they do not require further action by Congress (Amacher & Pate, 2012).Transactions involving bonds, reserves, loans to banks, and Federal Reserve notes are the tools of monetary policy. The Fed uses the money supply and interest rates to affect output, employment, and the price level. The Fed has three ways to influence the money supply: open market operations, changes in the discount rate, and changes in the reserve ratio. Open market operations involve buying and selling bonds to affect banks' reserves. The discount rate affects the level of bank borrowing f rom the Fed. Changes in the reserve ratio affect excess reserves (Investopedia, 2013).The Fed's preferred tool is open market operations. Open market operations are purchases and sales of bonds by the Fed on the open market in order to affect bank reserves. Open market operations are a very flexible tool. The impact on reserves can be precisely determined to be as large or as small as desired. Open market operations can be reversed if necessary and can be done without any ordeal. They are done by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Bonds are bought and sold through brokers in New York City. The New York district bank has this responsibility because New York is the financial center of the country.The New York Fed, however, does not buy and sell on EXPANSIONARY POLICY 6 the basis of its own decisions. It carries out the directives of the FOMC. (Amacher & Pate, 2012). These changes are shown on the T-accounts of Banks. If the Fed buys a bond from an individual or a firm, the seller w ill deposit the check from the Fed in a bank. The bank will clear the check through the Fed, and its reserves with the Fed will increase by the amount of the sale. No matter where the Fed buys bonds, bank reserves increase by the amount of the Fed purchase. Banks may also borrow directly from the Fed.Borrowing from the Fed by banks is called â€Å"using the discount window. † The interest rate the Fed charges a bank is called the discount rate. The higher the rate, the less eager banks are to borrow. The discount rate is normally lower than other interest rates at which banks could borrow. When an increase in the reserve ratio leaves banks with too little reserves. Banks have to contract their deposits by selling interest-earning assets or eliminating loans. Such a forced contraction creates a difficult situation for both banks and their loan customers. It takes time to adjust.For this reason, the Fed may cushion the impact of a decline in bank reserves by keeping the discoun t window open (Amacher & Pate, 2012). Each Federal Reserve Bank sets a discount rate for the depository institutions of its district, but the rates are usually the same in all 12 districts. Normally the discount rate is slightly below the market interest rate. The discount rate functions as a signal more than as a direct tool of monetary control. A decrease signifies the Fed's desire to stimulate the economy. Changes in the discount rate also alter the profitability of borrowing from the Fed in order to relend.A lower rate makes borrowing from the Fed more attractive and encourages banks to hold fewer excess reserves. They know they can easily borrow from the Fed if necessary (Amacher & Pate, 2012). EXPANSIONARY POLICY 7 The Fed sets and changes the reserve ratio. There are two kinds of assets that a bank can count toward meeting the required reserve. One is currency and coins, or vault cash. The second, and larger, consists of funds the bank has on deposit with its district Reserve Bank. The Fed requires depository institutions to hold reserves equal to certain fractions of the different kinds of deposits they have.The reserve ratio is higher for banks with deposits over $40 million. One reason why banks collapsed during panics before the Fed was created was that their reserves were too small or not readily available. In practice, reserves now have little to do with the safety of checking and savings account deposits. Their safety is ensured by deposit insurance. However, reserves do ensure that banks will have some ready funds to meet withdrawals. A change in the reserve ratio changes the maximum size of the money supply, not by changing bank reserves, but by changing the deposit multiplier.The deposit multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio. When the reserve ratio changes from 20% to 10%, the deposit multiplier increases from 5 to 10. A reduction in the reserve ratio has a double impact on the money supply. First, it converts some required reserve s into excess reserves. Second, it increases the size of the deposit multiplier. Decreasing the ratios leaves depositories initially with excess reserves, which can induce an expansion of bank credit and deposit levels and a decline in interest rates (Perry, 2009).A change in the reserve ratio is more complex than open market operations because of this double impact. Because it is such a powerful tool, changes in the reserve ratio are made rarely and in small amounts. Even a change of a fraction of a percent can have a very large (and somewhat uncertain) impact on the economy and can be very unsettling to banks. Both economists and politicians have disagreed over the effectiveness of the EXPANSIONARY POLICY 8 Fed in using its monetary policy tools. The debates of the 19th century over how freely banks should lend are still alive.There is still support for a policy of easy money, unlimited credit, and inflation among those who are in debt and want to be able to borrow more and pay it back with cheaper dollars. There are also groups who support a hard-money policy, ranging from those who simply want monetary growth carefully controlled to those who would like to return to full-bodied money, usually a gold standard (Perry, 2009). Keynesians would advocate an increase in the money supply (expansionary monetary policy), which would decrease interest rates, increase spending, increase AD, increase prices and output, and decrease unemployment.Keynesians believe in more flexibility or â€Å"discretion†, with the Fed adjusting money supply to respond to economic conditions. Expansionary Policy is a useful tool for managing low-growth periods in the business cycle, but it also comes with risks. First and foremost, economists must know when to expand the money supply to avoid causing side effects like high inflation. There is also a time lag between when a policy move is made (whether expansionary or contractionary) and when it works its way through the economy.

Sunshine State Film Review essays

Sunshine State Film Review essays No filmmaker today is more of a researcher of people and their relationships than independent filmmaker, John Sayles. Sunshine State is set in two adjoining contemporary coastal communities one white (Plantation Island) and the other black (Lincoln Beach). The residents of these communities face losing their beachfront property to developers who want to turn the area into a vacation resort, coastal townhouses and chain stores. The film begins with several elite older white men on a golf course discussing business and growth. Its obvious that these old codgers are not concerned with how their business ventures affect the poor, working or middle class people. We note early on in the film that the town is preparing for an annual celebration (Buccaneer Days the founding of their city). Sayles is most noted for revealing the good and ugly of his characters. He especially likes to tackle the difficult relationships between ethnic groups. We expect a certain level of racism and we are not disappointed after all, this is Florida. But we dont find one-dimensional characters. The old, hard-line traditional southerner (Mr. Tremble) is nostalgic for long ago days when whites and blacks knew their places. He comments on how good life was before affirmative action and integration. But throughout the film, we find that there is more to him than the stereotypical white angry male. He talks about how he had to accept change and its never as bad as you think itll be. Oddly enough, there is a retired Black doctor in town who also sees something wonderful about the good ole days. Before integration, says the doctor, Blacks had their own town and businesses. But Black towns were wiped out with segregation. In reality, this has become the lament of man! y Blacks especially of the South. While integration brought certain freedoms, it also destroyed most Black businesse...